Source: Foreign Affairs Review, No. 4, 2025

Abstract: In recent years, the Middle East has not only witnessed the complex coexistence of reconciliation and conflict but also presented two distinct regional security orders: the unilateral security order dominated by the United States and the common security order advocated by China. These two security orders are fundamentally different. The unilateral security order in the Middle East is characterized by the U. S. acting as the dominant security actor, focus on traditional military security, and the frequent use of force. In terms of security means, it continuously builds alliance systems, protects the interests of allies, and suppresses dissenting forces. In terms of security concept, the U. S. uses civilizational and religious or sectarian identity conflicts to shape regional conflicts. In contrast, the common security order in the Middle East emphasizes the joint efforts of both regional and external states as security actors to uphold comprehensive security in the region. In terms of security means. It advocates resolving confrontations and conflicts through cooperation and dialogue. In terms of security concept, it advocates inclusive reconciliation and opposes coercive compromise. actively fostering reconciliation in the Middle East. The common security order has played a positive and constructive role in promoting regional reconciliation, building regional security mechanisms, politically resolving hotspot issues, and advancing peace and development in the Middle East. The emergence of the common security order has its endogenous driving forces. reflecting profound changes in the power. institutions. concepts of the international system and the Middle East regional system. Constructing a common security order is also the fundamental path for the Middle East to overcome traditional security dilemmas in the future.

Keywords: the Middle East; unilateral security; common security; security order; the Global Security Initiative; the Middle East security architecture